Foreign founders eyeing Indonesia as a base for business have much to look forward to—a growing digital economy, strategic location, and a young consumer base. But each opportunity comes with its own regulatory maze. If you’re looking to launch in the mining, e-commerce, health, or fintech sectors, this guide will help you understand what it takes to go from vision to legal operation.
Before diving into sector-specific rules, every foreign investor must start with the basics. Establishing a foreign-owned company (PT PMA) is the standard route. As of 2025, the minimum paid-up capital requirement has been lowered to IDR 2.5 billion, though a total investment plan of IDR 10 billion still applies. All business registration and licensing start with the Online Single Submission (OSS) system, Indonesia’s centralized portal for permits and approvals.
Indonesia offers tremendous opportunities, but entering its market requires careful navigation of sector-specific regulations. Many founders underestimate the paperwork and policy landscape, only to face delays, fines, or worse—license revocation. Being proactive and informed is key.
Mining Sector: High Potential, High Regulation
In the mining sector, the opportunities are significant, but so are the regulatory requirements. Key licenses include the Mining Business License (IUP) for exploration and production, and the Special Mining Business License (IUPK) for government reserve areas. An environmental permit, including an AMDAL assessment, is mandatory. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) and the Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM) oversee approvals.
Foreign investors can own 100% initially, but must divest 51% to Indonesian entities by the production phase. The process is lengthy and involves environmental reviews, land acquisition, and compliance with local stakeholder requirements. The 2025 Mining Law revision now prioritizes joint ventures with local cooperatives and SMEs.
Moreover, investors need to consider community engagement and sustainability reporting, both of which are becoming increasingly scrutinized. International Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) benchmarks are gaining traction, and Indonesian regulators are aligning with these trends. Ignoring ESG obligations may limit future funding and partnerships.
E-Commerce: The Digital Frontier
Indonesia’s e-commerce landscape continues to thrive, buoyed by mobile-first consumers and a rapidly digitizing economy. To operate legally, foreign platforms must obtain a Business Identification Number (NIB) via OSS, register for a SIUPMSE (E-Commerce Trade License), and be listed as a PSE (Electronic System Provider) with the Ministry of Communication and Information (Kominfo). If operating from abroad, a representative office license (SIUP3A) is required.
Full foreign ownership is permitted for those investing over IDR 100 billion, but ownership caps may apply below that threshold. E-commerce platforms must comply with the Personal Data Protection Law and display consumer terms in Bahasa Indonesia. Regulatory updates like the 2023 Ministry of Trade Regulation No. 31 have enforced minimum import prices and banned in-app transactions on social media platforms, forcing companies to localize operations.
Additionally, logistics partnerships, last-mile delivery capabilities, and regional consumer behavior are crucial considerations. Local trust and payment method preferences (like cash-on-delivery and e-wallets) can significantly affect conversion rates. Building strong ties with Indonesian logistics networks can give you an edge.
Healthcare: A Sector Ripe for Modernization
In the healthcare sector, Indonesia has opened the door wider for foreign investment, especially in hospitals and specialist clinics. Required licenses include an operational permit, environmental approvals, and practice licenses for foreign doctors. The Ministry of Health and local health departments are responsible for granting these licenses.
Foreigners can now fully own hospitals and specialist clinics, though primary care facilities remain reserved for locals. While hospitals demand large capital commitments and often take years to develop, specialist clinics can be operational in less than a year. The 2023 Omnibus Health Law has streamlined licensing and enables foreign doctors with five years of experience to practice more easily in Indonesia. Despite these improvements, founders should anticipate challenges in staffing, managing partnerships with the BPJS health insurance system, and adapting to local regulations.
Digital health services (telemedicine, e-pharmacies) are also on the rise, but they require a mix of PSE registration, medical compliance, and potentially partnership with local healthcare providers. Ensuring patient data confidentiality and cybersecurity will be central to building user trust and securing long-term success.
Fintech: Innovation with a Regulatory Backbone
Indonesia’s fintech sector is one of its most dynamic, covering everything from peer-to-peer lending to e-wallet services. Operators must obtain licenses from either the Financial Services Authority (OJK) or Bank Indonesia (BI), depending on the type of service. All platforms must also be registered with Kominfo.
Foreign ownership in P2P lending is capped at 85%, and payment service companies must ensure that 51% of voting shares are held by Indonesians, even if up to 85% of total shares are foreign-owned. Capital requirements vary, with IDR 25 billion being the benchmark for P2P platforms. Compliance includes fit-and-proper tests for executives, cybersecurity audits, and data localization.
The end of the two-stage licensing process in 2024 has simplified entry for new fintech players, though foreign personnel are now limited to technical roles for a maximum of four years. Founders must also keep up with risk scoring and data transparency standards, especially with OJK intensifying post-loan monitoring and consumer protection requirements.
Cybersecurity and anti-money laundering (AML) practices are under close scrutiny, with failure to comply resulting in heavy penalties. Aligning with global standards like ISO/IEC 27001 can give fintech firms a reputational and operational edge.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can I fully own a company in Indonesia as a foreigner?
Yes, through a PT PMA (foreign-owned company), though some sectors still impose ownership caps or divestment requirements.
What is the OSS system?
OSS (Online Single Submission) is Indonesia’s integrated digital licensing platform where you register your business and apply for permits.
Do I need a local partner?
Not always. In some sectors like fintech or mining, local partnerships are mandatory or beneficial due to ownership or operational rules.
How long does the licensing process take?
Timelines vary: 3–6 months for e-commerce, 6–9 months for clinics, 2–3 years for hospitals, and potentially longer for mining projects.
Is Bahasa Indonesia required on my platform or legal documents?
Yes. Regulations require Bahasa Indonesia for customer-facing content and contracts.
Conclusion: Navigate Smartly, Scale Confidently
Indonesia is open for foreign founders, but only for those who come prepared. Each sector has its own playbook, from licensing hurdles to ownership limits and operational complexities. To succeed, it is crucial to engage local legal and licensing experts early, plan for delays in regulatory processes, adhere strictly to compliance requirements, and consider building local partnerships to navigate restrictions.
The country rewards patient and informed investors. If you’re a foreign founder ready to dive into mining, digital commerce, healthcare, or fintech, understanding the rules and playing by them is your first strategic advantage. With the right preparation, Indonesia offers not just growth but long-term value for global entrepreneurs aiming to make a meaningful impact in Southeast Asia.
Ready to Enter Indonesia’s Market?
If you’re considering launching your business in Indonesia and want expert support, CPT Corporate is here to help. Our team specializes in regulatory strategy, licensing, and local market entry. Reach out today for a consultation and turn your vision into a legally sound venture.
